Mark Twain

Mark Twain

1835-1910

Englavaf amerikaf suterotik

Mark Twain tir Amerikaf suterotik, kobliyis koe Missouri soka. Inaf yoltack tir Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

Gadikyeiskaf ba san-toldafa klaa, Mark Twain va konaka eba ur : rubias ravesik az sutelasik va teliz dene fela ke gadikye az stedasik va yantatota moe Mississippi bost. Kire mu videra va levetiraf bolk do vageexoikeem me djulyumar, pune ko Nevada otcer aze vanpir moavaneyasik. Mali 1864 wetce daalasik felur. Radimi kurera do Olivia Langdon bak 1870, koe Hartford varone Tanarasokeem va int inker.

Koe taneaf berpot, Mark Twain va koyara koe Europa is Polinesia ( Innocents Abroad, 1869 ) divrozar, nuleson va abdimalyeks is linulara ke milpatectik, is va intafa rekola wetce moavaneyasik ( Roughing It, 1872 ). Va sposuca wetce braf sutesik tuke to toloy berpot urlicker : i tuke Stuva ke Tom Sawyer ( 1876 ) az The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( Yona stuva ke Huckleberry Finn,1885 ).

Mark Twain va logrestaf krent rotatakurevon rankes va ilamoteem ke seltay is volliduca renzana gu lidopa bak toleafu acku ke grabomeem soe suter. Inafa bliratena gan erbarge is awalkera ke tana nazbeikya az kurenik zo tuorikar.

Geltrafamon is bokson pimtason va amerikaf selt, Mark Twain tir tan taneaf sutesik malsaves va garifa avura ke geefa ik taltefa soka. Jontikviele dolunen gu Stevenson is Dickens, tir donaf gu winkafa divrozara va Amerika, trabe divrozara askina gan voik grupenyes va ugalane ke pimtano xo. Kipi ke inaf grabomeem va bat nelkot soe bisar kotviele in kadar « dizvesik va sane » rundason va nega koe worayana patecta.

Mark Twain tir garfelaf is volsiskes aktomasik, tulon kotviele va lorik ik alka is kon rigot ke kristeva dukar.

Blira

Samuel Langhorne Clemens ba 30-e ke santaneaksat ke 1835 kobliyir, koe Florida ke Missouri galdolk koe Tanarasokeem, i koe widegama lize inafa yasa radimi konaka levbuivensesa yavara va tutufara, va int al inkeyer. Vanpiyison suterotik, in va Mark Twain yolt wetce ikayolt narayar, porason va Mississippi bost : bat iegaks va « Toloye made valeve ludevek !» sugdalayar, i iegaks daktes da bralasiki va ume aludeve trasiyir numen setcatota tu gazik ke bost mexeyeson rototayar.

Jontikafa yasa

John Marshall Clemens gadikye ke Twain tir nazbeik ke dielik. Va rokopa vayar voxen batcoba meinde zanudar : Gijafa Talteka va dika kobara pu mwusik firvir. John Marshall do Jane Lampton kurenikya koe konaka coyunta ke Tennessee galdolk azu Missouri falayowar aze koe widega yoltkirafa gu Hannibal koirubar. Areldon, John Marshall tir blotdolesik is yasagadik : tir okilik ke grelt dem anyustoy nazbeik. Samuel tir alubeik ke bata staba voxen ant baroy va milgugal di artfid.

Solve gadikye ke Twain tir koyasik tulistason djukakareizus va stuva, pune gadikya tir boksaf alkafebik : Twain remi blira di setiker eke darpeon loloon di tukevalkaweyer.

Bak 1847 edje Twain oxam tir san-toldaf, pune gadikye nope rizakola mulufter. In va bema gobulur aze toz vanpir raves eltayponasik. Mali 1850, va teliz mu Western Union fela suter, i mu fela zabduyuna gan Orion Clemens berikye.

Stuva

Ba san-anyustda, Samuel mallapir aze va lentroneka ke Tanarasokeem kosmar. Wetce eltayponasik koe New York az Philadelphia az Washington az Saint-Louis, va nevaxe nobar lize va intafa gaara dakir. Koe fela ke berikye wan sanegar azen sin toloy wetce rubiasik va sint gesiad. Voxen kalion, Mark Twain argawer nume koe Tanarasokeem non djukraber : va tota moe Mississippi bost rundanyar aze vanpir stedasik va yantatota. Bak 1861 Civil War geja va kota tegira moaname bost taruter : toloye berikye van Talteka mallakid lize va vartafa ipera va moava paked. Va meka kawoda isu moavaki trasid voxen Twain va jontika pwadesaca ke diref suterot vanbeder.

Suterotafa kiewatca

Mali 1864, Mark Twain tir felusik koe San Francisco. Va bristura ke Bret Harte brusik tu gadesik va Californian fela belundar. Kan Snodgrass ikayolt mu in ixam al kobar. Bret Harte karaker enide in va taneaf rwaltaf reiz ( Sposafa grablesa salma ke Calaveras utca ) sanegar. Bat reiz va kiewatcapa war. Tu felaf daalasik, Twain ko Europa koyar lizu va jontik eskarnaf is atedaf krent malburer, i va krent sanegatan bak 1869 koe larma vergumveltkirafa gu « Volnik koe divexo ».

Bak 1870 va Olivia Langdon kurer, i va solwikaf vox alkafebaf konolesik ke New England gola. Twain va felusa is suterotafa eba djukustar, metrumason va ugafa funtaca. Ko Polynesia remi konak aksat ta felafa munestera mallapir, gu birik is lizukafa sanelia va int belcekar abdida va folvafi bali ke polynesiikeem munester. Kan yon intaf teliz isu reiz isu tcokepena laxa, Twain tir aptadas pulvarotiik grukipesis va tari nume inafa sposuca laumar vieli ba sanegara va « Stuva ke Tom Sawyer » bak 1876 az tela va « Stuva ke Huckleberry Finn » bak 1884 edaver.

Wal tufa is grivecara

Bat mivkulik va erbakirafa rekola azu derokafa azazon ugalar. Va laptesisa kobara jonkar enide kulon blir : va arienta koaskir, va gantafoalk az intafa piskusa tretca fukorlar. Klabuson wal yambafa kubla is rekodusa xialara, belcekason va sipoyafa is sanekorafa taskuca ke tanealikeem is soyutafi is alkafebafi rali vey gadikya az ke kurenikya, va erbafa kiewatca lidam yambafa kagrupera jugemer. Tere, wali 1881 is 1910, riwe rawayanon, Mark Twain koe Europa is Asia koyar lize jontikviele laxar. Inafa yasegafa blira ton piza towar. Radimi abdievlafa awalkera ke nazbeikye, in va toloya ke baroya nazbeikya dovey Olivia drasur : bata nope abrokakola mulufter azen bana koe gartonga wizuwer, azen kurenikya bak 1904 awalker. Kore Twain aldun tiyir tixolaf arotievik, pune inaf ironokaf suteks va intafa gribidgera icde ayoxi poon ruyed, belcekason va zuguca is blifimuca is kexuca gu tuwavafa bruca. Ba 21-e ke balemeaksat ke 1910 koe Redding ke Connecticut galdolk koe Tanarasokeem awalker.

Suterot ke Mark Twain

« Mark Twain va warzafa suterinda, ~ TS- Eliot drigdar. ~ Do Dryden is Swift vanmia yon suterotik tuwarzayas va ava is zilis va warzafa pesta gu ravlemeem ke grelt, zo gorundar. » Twain wetce « lokiewaf brusik ke Talteka » jontikedje zo torigiyir voxise wetce tan logijaf amerikaf suterotik re awir.

Yon taneaf suteks

Ton koyas eltayponasik ik birelik ik felusik, Mark Twain me tir « suterotik » vols saneik grutes va cuynafa pesta icde loskuca. Wori mivravesik mali sanalubafa klaa va kireptaf krent malyon conyukas va delt va iyeptasa is dile udutafa Amerika gisuter. Levi barsandafa klaa, Twain va taneafa winugafa sorda sanegar, i va tulon « Aurelia's Unfortunate Young Man » berpotam ( 1864 ) tisa atedafa izva ke lantan levgayas va jontikeca volkalaca voxnek ware renan gan duxibepeyesa aguntanikya ; voxis va « The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County » berpotam ( Sposafa grablesa salma ke Calaveras utca, 1867 ) tis nega mukotasa va lana volageltodasa morbesa rupa.

Felusik is brusik

In va intafa diveavapafa bagalara wetce stedasik va setcatota koe « Life on the Mississippi » ( Blira moe Mississippi bost, 1883 ) nega pimtar. Mal Saint-Louis kal New Orleans, va yone decitoye decitmetre exuler, vanmiae djiga is birelik is todlik. Banvielu va Mark Twain suterotikaf yolt narar. « Big Muddy » yolt ( ikayolt ke Mississippi bost ) remi inafa blira dun tiyir lana leca ke nuyuca voxis lan amerikaf swavasok merosekian is vonaf voxis merotabdiwin is wupesis, mu in.

Koe « Roughing It » nega ( Olgon, 1872 ), va intaf krabes tandatum koe Nevada wetce iksektasik va moava kareizur : blira lize tizuca is burduca va kevjiva kan govitafa is ferimafa bruca trasid. Ton felusik koe Europa, i koe tulon Italia is Franca, va teliz ko « Innocents Abroad or the new pilgrims progress » karba ( 1869 ) koe kabelcar lize va abdimalyeks ( dile zaavevaf ) ke milpatectik meklabuson ozar. « The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today » berpot ( 1874 ) suteyen do Charles Dudley Warner nover da in va erbugara is avonara gevason klecar ; va yon koredik ke bat berpot ko « The American Claimant » berpot bak 1892 lize rabater da saneroti ok gazaroti va erbugasikeem umeke rolyumad. Rolevaykat da konaka tinesa yavara va gaderopafa klepa ke Orion Clemens berikye va konaka nakila ke bata toloya neva koswayad, i ke Orion bristuyus va Abraham Lincoln is gri ugaloraf bowesik va Nevada galdolk...

Toloy ilamtaf berpot

« Stuva ke Tom Sawyer » berpot is rotir loon « Stuva ke Huckleberry Finn » va Mark Twain wetce meroranamena vuestexa ke amerikaf suteroteem dasugdad. Tel taneaf, sanegayan bak 1876, tir kiewatcapa. Va rumeikaf suteroteem zabdur. Tel toleaf, piskuyun bak 1884, gu inaf grot zo torigir. Bat benelaf suterot gandus va konak koredik ke amerikaf suteroteem ( dolesik va galovafa selaxa is glabafe is greciafe geekikye is yervaf is adjubes todlik... ) va arak ke inaf warzekseem izgar. Walion, va koyaranega koe Europa gire sanegar : « A Tramp Abroad » ( Keldusik diveon, 1880 ) is « The Prince and the Pauper » ( Sersik is wawik, 1882 ) tis klecasa coradara va gazaroti kareizuna kan walpulvira ke toloy jontolaf rumeik don tanoy tis sersik...

Ironokaf suterot

Mark Twain va konak berpotap dum « A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court » ware sanegar, i va taneaf berpot bak 1889 konakilas va koyara ko ugal. Va yona vuestexa va bat gedrapaf krent katrasit, i va tulon « Dopewa ke Awalt » tis tana wimbra ke Tintin, is sumewisikif zixatum dum « McGyver » is « Star Trek : The Next Generation », isen elpataf zaleks va bata neva jontikote tid, don tany lexafa buska... Voxen Twain towar, adre tir loeke orikaf isu rotatrakurevaf voxisu arotievaf. Inafa muluca jupar da in ton artowasik is kevlevetirevik is kevgindevik is kevboniarevik va int dakter ; va ironokaf afrikaf kolamasik rojur ise ruyer da tir dilifamik lidam rojusik va brudasa roka ke ayikya. Kaiki inafa awalkera, baroy evodas krent zo sanegad : « What Is Man? » ( Va tokcoba ayik sotir ?) tis waka wal rotatrakurevik is kiewatrakurevik lize rotatrakurevik manton war ; « The Mysterious Stranger » ( Bulaf diveik ) tis mecobevafa kuda lize pumkik va kiewuca vile kotabuca askir nume... va konak koredik aytar. Tere « Letters from the Earth » ( Twatum male Tawava ) twaberpot bak oxam 1961 zo piskur, dem zugaf krent : Oretlik va Lorik icde inafa udutuca stiakar...